JANET ZOLLINGER GIELE

Office: Heller School Home: 32 Denton Road

Brandeis University Wellesley, MA 02181

Waltham, MA 02254 (781) 237-9863

(781) 736-3871, 3869

FAX (781) 736-3851 E-mail: Giele1@brandeis.edu

1955 Certificat d'Études Politiques, Institut d'Études Politiques, Paris

1956 A.B., Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana

1958 A.M., Sociology, Radcliffe College, Harvard University

1961 Ph.D., Sociology, Radcliffe College, Harvard University

1954-55 Barrett Scholarship for Study Abroad, Earlham College

1956 Valedictorian, Earlham College; Honors in Sociology and French

1956-57 Woodrow Wilson Fellow

1962 Phi Beta Kappa, Honorary member, Iota of Massachusetts (Radcliffe)

1967-68 Junior Faculty Leave, Wellesley College

1970-72 Bunting Fellow (Radcliffe Institute)

1974-75 Ford Foundation Faculty Fellowship for Research on the Role of Women in Society

1980 Social Research Award, American Council on Life Insurance

1987 Visiting Scholar, Murray Research Center, Radcliffe College

1987-88 Gender Roles Grant, Rockefeller Foundation

1989 Distinguished Alumni Lecturer, Earlham College

1990 Outstanding Alumni Award, Earlham College

1992-93 German Marshall Fund Research Fellow

1993 Rockefeller Foundation Resident Fellow, Bellagio Study and Conference Center

1992-93 Guest Scholar, Wissenschaftszentrum, Berlin (WZB, the Social Science Center); and

Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW, German Institute for Economic Research)

1973 Wellesley College. Small Grant for Alumnae Study, $5,000.

Brandeis National Women's Committee (1980-1990), Faculty Council, speaker for chapters in Westchester, Stamford, Atlantic City, Cleveland, and Corpus Christi. Athletics and Intramurals Committee (1982-84). Acting Chairman, Advisory Committee on Shareholder Responsibility (1984). Chairman, Heller School Ph.D. Admissions Committee (1984-86). Member, Heller School Master's Admissions Committee. Brandeis Review Advisory Committee (1985-1992). Chairman, Heller School Faculty Recruitment Committee (1988-89). University Academic Planning Committee (1988-90). Choice Acquisitions for Goldfarb Library (1988-1990). Chairman, Faculty of the Heller School (1990-92). Acting Dean, Heller School (1993-94). Committee on Support of Teaching (1994-95). Women's Studies Committee (1980-present); Chairman, Heller Colloquium Committee (1995-96). University Adjudication Committee (1995-97); Expanded Departmental Committee in Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies to review faculty member for promotion (1997); expanded Departmental Committee in Women’s Studies to recommend on new faculty appointment (1996-97). Chairman, University Adjudication Committee (1997-98).

Earlham College, Board of Trustees, 1973-82. Task Force on Educational Mission of the College, 1985-86. Area Chairman, Earlham Capital Campaign, 1988-89. New England Chairman, Earlham Sesquicentennial Campaign, 1997.

Social Science Research Council.  Member of the Committee on Work and Personality in the Middle Years, 1975-79; Chairman, Study Group on "Women: Work and Personality in the Middle Years," 1977-78.

Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, Vice Chairman, Commission on Human Sexuality, 1978-79. St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Wellesley, Vestry member, 1981-84; Warden (one of two chief lay officers), 1986-89.

Radcliffe College, Partners for Murray Research Center, 1991-92.

New England Resource Center for Higher Education, Visiting Fellow, 1994-95.

Institute for American Values, New York, Advisory Committee, 1992-present.

Dimock Community Health Center, Boston, Board of Visitors, 1994-present.

Wellesley College, Institutional Review Board, 1996-98.

Murray Research Center for the Study of Lives, Radcliffe College, Advisory Board, 1997-2000.

The Ford Foundation (1972-74), Radcliffe College (1974), Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation (1975), Russell Sage Foundation (Aging and Society Project, 1975), Lilly Endowment, Inc. (1976, 1977), Family Service Association of America (1977, 1979), White House Conference on Families (1980), American Council of Life Insurance (1978, 1980), Phillips Academy (1984, 1985), Tufts University, Qualitative Evaluation Project (1995-96), Hunter College, Department of Sociology (1996).

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Administration on Children, Youth and Families (1978); National Institutes of Health (1978); American Association for the Advancement of Science (1979); American Sociologist (1979); National Endowment for the Humanities (1979); Rural Sociology (1980); Studies in Comparative International Development (1980); Free Press (1980); New England Association of Schools and Colleges (1980); Henry A. Murray Center of Radcliffe College (1981); Hamilton Prize Competition of the University of Michigan Press (1981); M.I.T. Press (1981); Temple University Press (1981); Yale University Press (1982); Social Forces (1982); Columbia University Press (1984); Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada (1984); Russell Sage Foundation (1984,1985); Sociology of Education (1985); Columbia University Press (1985); City University of New York (1986); American Journal of Sociology (1986); Sex Roles (1986); Murray Research Center of Radcliffe College (1987); National Institute on Aging (1981, 1982, 1985, 1988); Cornell University (faculty review, 1990); National Science Foundation (1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1991); Psychology of Women Quarterly (1989, 1991); University of Illinois (faculty review, 1991); Tufts University (faculty review, 1992); American Journal of Sociology (1994). Bunting Institute Selection Committee, Radcliffe College (1994-95); Journal of Organizational Behavior (1996), National Science Foundation, Sociology Program (1996), Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1996). Mobilization: An International Journal (1996); Journal of Gerontology (1996); Vanderbilt University (faculty review, 1996); Qualitative Sociology (1997).

Radcliffe College (1972), Yale University (1973), Cleveland Associated Women's Alumnae (1973), Wellesley College (1973), Episcopal Theological Seminary (1973), State University of New York at Stony Brook (1973), Wheelock College (1974), Emmanuel College (1974), Harvard Graduate School of Education (1975), Guilford College (1977), University of Minnesota, Family Study Center (1977), Boston University (1978), Brown University (1978); Wheaton College (1978); Merrill Palmer Institute (1979), Boston City Hospital (1980), University of Cincinnati (1980), Cornell University (1981), Institute of Living, Hartford (1981), Clark University (1982), Oberlin College (1983), Simmons School of Social Work (1983), University of Rhode Island (1983), U.S. Administration on Aging (1984); University of Michigan (1979, 1986, 1987); Murray Center of Radcliffe College (1981, 1987); Sophie Newcomb College (1987); Wheaton College (1988); Regis College (1988); Radcliffe College (1988); New England American Studies Association (1989); Winsor School (1990); Earlham College (1989, 1990); Boston Sociologists for Women in Society (1991); Boston Work-Family Forum (1992); Massachusetts Department of Social Services (1992); Institute of American Values (1992); University of Bremen (1993); Free University of Berlin (1993); German Institute for Economic Research (1993); Faculty of Social Work, Berlin (1993); Conference on Household Panel Studies, Luxembourg (1993); First International Conference on the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, Berlin (1993), XIIIth World Congress of Sociology, Bielefeld, Germany (1994); Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island (1995); U.S. Women's Bureau, 75th Anniversary Conference, Washington, D.C. (1995); University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland (1995); Eastern Sociological Society Meetings (1970s, 1980s, 1991, 1994, 1996); American Sociological Association annual meetings (1972-1992, 1994-97); Earlham College (1996); National Women’s Studies Association (1996); Second Annual User’s Conference, German Socio-Economic Panel Study, Berlin (1996). International Sociological Meetings, Montreal (1998); American Sociological Association (1998).

American Sociological Association: Council Representative of Sex Roles Section, 1976-1978; Session Organizer 1978, 1982, 1989, 1995; William J. Goode Book Award Committee 1989, Aging Section Council, 1991-1994; Eastern Sociological Society: Committee on the Status of Women, 1970-71; Committee on Employment, 1981-82; Session Organizer 1978, 1991. National Council on Family Relations. National Women’s Studies Association. Population Association of America. Sociologists for Women in Society. International Sociological Association.

PUBLICATIONS

Giele, J. Z. and A. C. Smock (Eds.), Women: Roles and Status in Eight Countries. New York: Wiley, 1977.

Giele, J. Z. Women and the Future: Changing Sex Roles in Modern America.  New York:  Free Press, 1978.

Giele, J. Z. (Ed.).  Women in the Middle Years: Current Knowledge and Directions for Research and Policy. New York:  Wiley, 1982. 

Kahne, H., and J. Z. Giele (Eds). Women's Work and Women's Lives: The Continuing Struggle Worldwide. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1992.

Giele, J. Z. Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of American Feminism. New York: Twayne Publishers, Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Giele, J. Z., and G. H. Elder, Jr. (Eds.) Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. A collection of eleven chapters by leading social scientists of the life course. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Mary Clement Leavitt." In Edward T. James and Janet W. James (Eds.) Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971, pp. 383-385.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "New Developments in Research on Women," Introductory Essay for the American edition of Viola Klein, The Feminine Character: History of an Ideology.  Urbana, Ill.:  University of Illinois Press, 1972, pp. xiv-lvi.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Changing Sex Roles and the Future of Marriage." In Henry Grunebaum and Jacob Christ (Eds.), Contemporary Marriage: Structure, Dynamics, and Therapy.  Boston:  Little, Brown, 1976, pp. 69-85.

Reprinted in:

A. and J. Skolnick (Eds.), The Family in Transition, 2nd edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).

Giele, Janet Zollinger, and Hilda Kahne.  "Meeting Work and Family Responsibilities:  Proposals for Flexibility."  In A. F. Cahn (Ed.), Women in Mid-Life--Security and Fulfillment (Part I). U. S. House of Representatives Select Committee on Aging.  95th Congress. Second Session.  Washington, D. C.:  U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978, pp. 158-177.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Crossovers:  New Themes in Adult Roles and the Life Cycle." In D.G. McGuigan (Ed.), Women's Lives: New Theory, Research, and Policy. Ann Arbor:  University of Michigan, Center for Continuing Education of Women, 1980, pp. 3-15.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Adulthood as Transcendence of Age and Sex." In N.J. Smelser and E.H. Erikson (Eds.), Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood. Cambridge, Mass.:  Harvard University Press, 1980, pp. 151-173.

Perun, Pamela J., and Janet Z. Giele.  "Life After College: Historical Links between Women's Education and Women's Work." In P.J. Perun (Ed.), The Undergraduate Woman: Issues in Educational Equality. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982, pp. 375-398.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Family and Social Networks." In R.H. Binstock, N. Chow, and J.H. Schulz (Eds.), International Perspectives on Aging: Patterns, Policies, and Challenges.  New York:  United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 1982, pp. 41-74.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Change in the Family Context." Chapter 4 of Women and the Future.

Reprinted in:

J. Gipson Wells (Ed.).  Current Issues in Marriage and the Family. New York:  Macmillan, 1983, 1988.

Perlman, Robert, and Janet Z. Giele.  "An Unstable Triad: Dependents' Demands, Family Resources, Community Supports."  In Robert Perlman (Ed.), Family Home Care: Critical Issues for Services and Policies.  New York: The Haworth Press, 1983, pp. 12-44.

Giele, Janet Z. "Sources and Effects of Women's Power." In Liesa Stamm and Carol D. Ryff (Eds.), Social Power and Dominance in Women.  Washington, D.C.:  American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1984, pp. 191-199.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "A Rationale for Research on Coeducation." In K. M. Dalton, A Portrait of a School: Coeducation at Andover. Andover, Mass.: Phillips Academy, 1986, pp. 183-188.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Coeducation or Women's Education: A Comparison of Findings From Two Colleges." In C. Lasser (Ed.), Coeducation: Past, Present, and Future. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987, pp. 91-109

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Gender and Sex Roles." In N. J. Smelser (Ed.), Handbook of Sociology. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications 1988, pp. 291-323.

Giele, Janet Zollinger, and Mary Gilfus. "Race and College Differences in Life Patterns of Educated Women." In J. Antler and S. Biklen (Eds.), Women and Educational Change. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, pp. 179-197.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Women's Movements." World Book Encyclopedia, 1990, Vol.21, pp. 385-390.

Giele, J. Z. "Promise and Disappointment of the Modern Era: Equality for Women." In H. Kahne and J. Z. Giele (eds.), Women's Work and Women's Lives: The Continuing Struggle Worldwide. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1992, pp. 3-27.

Giele, J.Z. "Woman's Role Change and Adaptation, 1920-1990." In K. Hulbert and D. Schuster (eds.), Women's Lives through Time: Educated American Women of the Twentieth Century. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993, pp. 32-60.

Giele, J. Z. "Decline of the Family: Conservative, Liberal, and Feminist Views." In D. Popenoe, J.B. Elshtain, and D. Blankenhorn (eds.), Marriage in America. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996, pp. 89-115.

Giele, J. Z. "Women's Changing Roles and the Emergence of Family Policy." In K. Kauppinen and T. Gordon (eds.) Unresolved Dilemmas: Women, Work and the Family in the United States, Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Avebury, 1997, pp. 153-168.

Giele, J. Z., and G. H. Elder, Jr. (Eds.). "Life Course Studies: Development of a Field." In J. Z. Giele and Glen H. Elder, Jr. (eds.), Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998, pp. 5-27.

Giele, Janet Z. "Innovation in the Typical Life Course." In J. Z. Giele and Glen H. Elder, Jr. (eds.), Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998, pp. 231-263.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Changes in the Modern Family: Their Impact on Sex Roles," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41 (October 1971): 757-766.

Reprinted in:

R. Coser (Ed.).  The Family (2nd edition, St. Martin's Press, 1974).

J.R. and J.S. DeLora.  Intimate Life Styles (2nd edition, Goodyear, 1975).

R. Perrucci.  Sociology: Basic Structures and Processes (William C. Brown, 1977).

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Centuries of Womanhood:  An Evolutionary Perspective on the Feminine Role," Women's Studies:  An Interdisciplinary Journal, 1 (1972): 97-110.

Giele, Janet Z.  "National Family Policy and the Role of the Parent Counselor," Parent Counseling Association of New England Journal, 1 (Fall, 1978): 41-54.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Changing Sex Roles and Family Structure," Social Policy 9 (January/February 1979): 32-43.

Reprinted in:

A. and J. Skolnick (Eds.), The Family in Transition, 3rd edition (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980).

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Social Policy and the Family," Annual Review of Sociology 5 (1979): 275-302.

Reprinted in:

J. Rosenfeld, Relations: The Marriage and Family Reader (Chicago: Scott-Foresman, 1982).

Callahan, James J., Jr., Lawrence D. Diamond, Janet Z. Giele, and Robert Morris.  "Responsibility of Families for Their Severely Disabled Elders," Health Care Finance Administration Journal l, 3 (Winter 1980): 29-48.

Ecklein, Joan Levin, and Janet Z. Giele.  "Women's Lives and Social Policy in East Germany and the United States," Studies in Comparative Communism XIV, 2 & 3 (Summer/Autumn 1981): 191-207.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Cohort Variation in Life Patterns of Educated Women, 1910-1960," Western Sociological Review, 13, 1 (1982): 1-24.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "The New Sociology of Aging and the Life Course," Contemporary Sociology, 12 (November 1983): 641-64.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "A Delicate Balance:  The Family's Role in Care of the Handicapped." Family Relations, 33 (January 1984): 85-94.

Krauss, Martha W., and Janet Z. Giele. "Services to Families during Three Stages of a Handicapped Person's Life." Marriage and Family Review, 11 (1987): 213-229.

Pischner, Rainer, and Janet Z. Giele. 1993. "Erwerbsverläufe der Deutschen in Ost und West in den Jahren 1949 bis 1989." Wochenbericht, 60, 16 (22 April): 207-211. Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.

Giele, Janet Z. and Pischner, Rainer. "The Emergence of Multiple Role Patterns Among Women: A Comparison of Germany and the United States." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung (Applied Economics Quarterly): Heft 1-2, 1994, pp. 97-103.

Giele, Janet Z. "Niedergang der Familie?" ["Decline of the Family?"] Die Frau in Unserer Zeit [Contemporary Women], a quarterly publication of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Heft 1'97/26 : 15-22.

Giele, Janet Z., and Elke Holst. "The Dynamics of Women’s Labor Force Participation in the United States and Germany, 1983-1990." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung (Applied Economics Quarterly): Heft 1, 1997, pp. 55-61.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Windows on New family forms: Insights from Feminist and Familist Perspectives." Introduction to special issue on Families and Implications for Social Policy, Qualitative Sociology, 20 (2), Summer, 1997, 143-152.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "New Role Choices for Women," The Earlhamite: Magazine of Earlham College Alumni, 92 (Summer 1971): 32-36.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "A Better Bargain Than Women Settled for in the Past..."  Sexual Behavior, 2 (August 1972): 42-43.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "Commentary on Men's Liberation," Human Sexuality, 6 (September 1972): 93.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Comments on `Antipathy to Marriage' by John J. Schwab, M.D." In L. Gross (Ed.), Sexual Issues in Marriage. New York: Spectrum, 1975. Pp. 113-115.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "How the Family is Changing," Radcliffe Quarterly, 62, 2 (June 1976): 2-3.

Reprinted in:

M.M. Tumin, Male and Female in Today's World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1980).

Giele, Janet Z.  "Sex Roles and Social Policies." In P.L. Goldsmid, M.J. Fonow, and A. Macke (Eds.), Teaching the Sociology of Sex and Gender:  Syllabi and Related Materials.  Washington, D.C.:  American Sociological Association, 1980, pp. 27-30.

Giele, Janet Z.  "A Voice from the Silent Generation." The Earlhamite, (Winter 1981): 5.

Atwood, Nancy, and Janet Z. Giele.  "A Nursing Plan Worth Reviving."  The Boston Globe, July 25, 1983, p. 15.

Giele, Janet Zollinger.  "The New Family and Social Turmoil," Brandeis Review, 4, l (Fall 1984): 17-19.

Giele, Janet Z. Course outline for "Family, Employment, and Sex Roles." In Teaching the Sociology of Sex and Gender: Syllabi and Related Materials. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 1985.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "What if Parents were Encouraged to Spend More Time with their Children?" Family Affairs. Winter, 1994, Vol. 6, No. 1-2, pp. 6-7. New York: Institute for American Values.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Both Paths to Equality." Lexington Area NOW Newsletter, March 1994, p.2.

Giele, Janet. Outline for my course at the Heller School, "Family Policy." In Teaching about Families: A Collection of Syllabi, Projects, and Class Materials, edited by G. Macheski, K. S. Lowney, and T. Meyers. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, 1996. This resource guide selected 23 courses from over 150 submissions nationwide.

Women of Tropical Africa, edited by Denise Paulme, in American Sociological Review, 30 (April 1965): 304-305.

Religion and Politics in America, by Murray S. Stedman, Jr. (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, V, l (Fall 1965): 167-168.

Women and Religion, by Margaret Brackenbury Crook (Boston:  Beacon Press, 1964), in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, V, 2 (Spring 1966):  308-310.

Occupation: Housewife, by Helena Znaniecki Lopata (New York:  Oxford, 1971), in Boston Herald Traveler, November 14, 1971, p. 2.

Leisure and Family Life Cycle, by Rhona Rapoport and Robert Rapoport (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), in Contemporary Sociology, 5 (November 1976): 769-770.

Women in the World: A Comparative Study, by Lynne B. Iglitzin and Ruth Ross (Santa Barbara:  ABC-Clio Press, 1976) in Contemporary Sociology, 6 (July 1977):  478-479.

Handbook of International Data on Women, by Elise Boulding, et al. (Boulder:  Westview Press, 1977) in Contemporary Sociology, 7 (March 1978): 200.

Women's Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present by Sheila M. Rothman (New York:  Basic Books, 1978) in Social Casework 4, 61 (April 1980): 252-253.

Deceptive Distinctions by Cynthia F. Epstein (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988) in Gender and Society 4,4 (December 1990) : 553-554.

Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work: The Rise of Women's Political Culture, 1830-1900 by Kathryn Kish Sklar (New Haven; Conn.: Yale University Press 1995) in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 101: 1434-35, 1996.

Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage by Lee Ann Banaszak (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1996) in American Journal of Sociology, Vol 103: 245-246, 1997.

Mapping the Women’s Movement: Feminist Politics and Social Transformation in the North edited by Monica Threlfall with an introduction by Sheila Rowbotham (London: Verso, 1996) in Contemporary Sociology (in press).

Roe, Anne and Janet Z. Giele. "Bibliography on Careers," Harvard Studies in Career Development, No. 28, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1964.  21 pp.

Giele, Janet Zollinger, and Joan Dahr Lambert.  "Current Family Policy Development in the United States".  Preliminary report to the National Science Foundation, June 1975. 166 pp.

Giele Janet Zollinger. "Discrimination, Sex Roles, and Changing Family Structures."  Paper delivered at the White House Conference on Families.  U.S. Department of Education:  Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), 1981. 30 pp.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "A Review of Selected Data Sources on the Family's Role in Long-Term Care."  Waltham, Mass.: Heller School, Levinson Policy Institute, 1981. 31 pp.

Giele, Janet Zollinger, Phyllis H. Mutschler, and Sylvia Z. Orodenker. 1987. "Stress and Burdens of Caregiving for the Frail Elderly." Final Report to the Medical Foundation of Boston. Waltham, Mass.: Policy Center on Aging, Heller School of Brandeis University, 1987. 90 pp.

Giele, Janet Zollinger. "Charting Women's Major Life Events." CEW Research Report #22. Ann Arbor: Center for Continuing Education of Women, University of Michigan, 1987. 43 pp.

Giele, Janet Z., and Rainer Pischner. 1993. "Changing Family Structure and Women's New Roles in Germany and the United States." Working Papers of the European Scientific Network on Household Panel Studies. Paper 89. Colchester, England: University of Essex.